URBAN OPPORTUNITIES
1. Technological boom results in urbanization--the growth of cities in Northeast and Midwest
2.  Most immigrants became city dwellers. Cities offered jobs to unskilled laborers.
3.  The Americanization movement worked to assimilate people into the dominate culture by teaching immigrants citizenship skills.
4.  Many immigrants did not want to abandon their traditions.
5.  Technology in farming meant fewer laborers were necessary so into the cities they went.
6.  Many Southern farmers lost their livelihoods and moved to the North to escape: racial violence, economic hardship and political oppression.
7.  About 200,000 AA moved north and west into the cities.
8.  Racial tensions in the North grew however as AA competed for white jobs. 

URBAN PROBLEMS
1.  As urban populations grew, city governments had issues on how to provide services and safe living conditions to residents.
2.  With the Industrial age came two options for working-class families: buy a house out of town and deal with transportation costs OR rent cramped boarding rooms in the city.
3.  Row houses were created that were similar to town homes.
4.  Tenement houses were then occupied by immigrant families who shared costs with many other families.
5.  Jacob Riis in his book, "How the Other Half Lives" discussed the horrible an unsanitary conditions in these homes.
6.  1879 brought improvement as plumbing and ventilation were put in by landlords.  
7. Innovations in mass transit--transportations designed to move large groups of people to jobs.
8. San Francisco introduced street cars in 1873 and Boston introduced the electric subway in 1897.
9. Public water works, sanitation departments, police forces and fire were all concerns that urban leaders had to tackle. 

REFORMERS MOBILIZE
1. Social welfare reformers worked to aid urban poverty.
2. The Social Gospel movement preached salvation through helping the poor.
3. Many reformers established settlement houses--community centers in slum areas that provided assistance to the poor. |
4.  The houses were run by the middle-class, college-educated women and they provided educational, cultural, and social services.
5.  Charles Stover and Stanton Coit founded Settlement houses in NYC in 1886.
6.  Jane Addams and Ellen Gates Starr founded Chicago's Hull House in 1889.
7. Janie Porter Barrett founded the Locust Street Social Settlement in Hampton, VA., for AA.
8. By 1910--400 SH operated across the country.